when-present<#else>when-missing#if>. (These only cover the last step of the expression; to cover the whole expression, use parenthesis: (myOptionalVar.foo)!myDefault, (myOptionalVar.foo)?? ---- ---- FTL stack trace ("~" means nesting-related): - Failed at: ${article.savePath} [in template "NewContent.ftl" at line 68, column 22] ---- Java stack trace (for programmers): ---- freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException: [... Exception message was already printed; see it above ...] at freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException.getInstance(InvalidReferenceException.java:108) at freemarker.core.EvalUtil.coerceModelToString(EvalUtil.java:346) at freemarker.core.Expression.evalAndCoerceToString(Expression.java:80) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:40) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:257) at freemarker.core.MixedContent.accept(MixedContent.java:57) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:257) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:235) at freemarker.template.Template.process(Template.java:262) at com.zzwhxx.whcms.admin1.util.FreemarkerUtil.fprint(FreemarkerUtil.java:64) at com.zzwhxx.whcms.admin1.action.ArticleMajorAction.artilcePCHtml(ArticleMajorAction.java:278) at com.zzwhxx.whcms.admin1.action.ArticleMajorAction.saveArticle(ArticleMajorAction.java:112) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:57) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:606) at ognl.OgnlRuntime.invokeMethod(OgnlRuntime.java:892) at ognl.OgnlRuntime.callAppropriateMethod(OgnlRuntime.java:1294) at ognl.ObjectMethodAccessor.callMethod(ObjectMethodAccessor.java:68) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.accessor.XWorkMethodAccessor.callMethodWithDebugInfo(XWorkMethodAccessor.java:117) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.accessor.XWorkMethodAccessor.callMethod(XWorkMethodAccessor.java:108) at ognl.OgnlRuntime.callMethod(OgnlRuntime.java:1370) at ognl.ASTMethod.getValueBody(ASTMethod.java:91) at ognl.SimpleNode.evaluateGetValueBody(SimpleNode.java:212) at ognl.SimpleNode.getValue(SimpleNode.java:258) at ognl.Ognl.getValue(Ognl.java:494) at ognl.Ognl.getValue(Ognl.java:458) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlUtil$3.execute(OgnlUtil.java:352) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlUtil.compileAndExecuteMethod(OgnlUtil.java:404) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlUtil.callMethod(OgnlUtil.java:350) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invokeAction(DefaultActionInvocation.java:430) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invokeActionOnly(DefaultActionInvocation.java:290) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:251) at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.DeprecationInterceptor.intercept(DeprecationInterceptor.java:41) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.debugging.DebuggingInterceptor.intercept(DebuggingInterceptor.java:256) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.DefaultWorkflowInterceptor.doIntercept(DefaultWorkflowInterceptor.java:168) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:98) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.validator.ValidationInterceptor.doIntercept(ValidationInterceptor.java:265) at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.validation.AnnotationValidationInterceptor.doIntercept(AnnotationValidationInterceptor.java:76) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:98) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ConversionErrorInterceptor.intercept(ConversionErrorInterceptor.java:138) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ParametersInterceptor.doIntercept(ParametersInterceptor.java:229) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:98) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ParametersInterceptor.doIntercept(ParametersInterceptor.java:229) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:98) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.StaticParametersInterceptor.intercept(StaticParametersInterceptor.java:191) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.MultiselectInterceptor.intercept(MultiselectInterceptor.java:73) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.DateTextFieldInterceptor.intercept(DateTextFieldInterceptor.java:125) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.CheckboxInterceptor.intercept(CheckboxInterceptor.java:91) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.FileUploadInterceptor.intercept(FileUploadInterceptor.java:253) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ModelDrivenInterceptor.intercept(ModelDrivenInterceptor.java:100) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ScopedModelDrivenInterceptor.intercept(ScopedModelDrivenInterceptor.java:141) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ChainingInterceptor.intercept(ChainingInterceptor.java:145) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.PrepareInterceptor.doIntercept(PrepareInterceptor.java:171) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:98) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.I18nInterceptor.intercept(I18nInterceptor.java:140) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ServletConfigInterceptor.intercept(ServletConfigInterceptor.java:164) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.AliasInterceptor.intercept(AliasInterceptor.java:193) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ExceptionMappingInterceptor.intercept(ExceptionMappingInterceptor.java:189) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:245) at org.apache.struts2.impl.StrutsActionProxy.execute(StrutsActionProxy.java:54) at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.serviceAction(Dispatcher.java:567) at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.ExecuteOperations.executeAction(ExecuteOperations.java:81) at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter.doFilter(StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter.java:136) at com.caucho.server.dispatch.FilterFilterChain.doFilter(FilterFilterChain.java:89) at com.zzwhxx.whcms.admin1.filter.LoginFilter.doFilter(LoginFilter.java:54) at com.caucho.server.dispatch.FilterFilterChain.doFilter(FilterFilterChain.java:89) at org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter.doFilterInternal(CharacterEncodingFilter.java:121) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:107) at com.caucho.server.dispatch.FilterFilterChain.doFilter(FilterFilterChain.java:89) at com.zzwhxx.whcms.admin1.filter.ManageVerifyFilter.doFilter(ManageVerifyFilter.java:88) at com.caucho.server.dispatch.FilterFilterChain.doFilter(FilterFilterChain.java:89) at com.caucho.server.webapp.WebAppListenerFilterChain.doFilter(WebAppListenerFilterChain.java:114) at com.caucho.server.webapp.WebAppFilterChain.doFilter(WebAppFilterChain.java:156) at com.caucho.server.webapp.AccessLogFilterChain.doFilter(AccessLogFilterChain.java:95) at com.caucho.server.dispatch.ServletInvocation.service(ServletInvocation.java:289) at com.caucho.server.http.HttpRequest.handleRequest(HttpRequest.java:838) at com.caucho.network.listen.TcpSocketLink.dispatchRequest(TcpSocketLink.java:1349) at com.caucho.network.listen.TcpSocketLink.handleRequest(TcpSocketLink.java:1305) at com.caucho.network.listen.TcpSocketLink.handleRequestsImpl(TcpSocketLink.java:1289) at com.caucho.network.listen.TcpSocketLink.handleRequests(TcpSocketLink.java:1197) at com.caucho.network.listen.TcpSocketLink.handleAcceptTaskImpl(TcpSocketLink.java:993) at com.caucho.network.listen.ConnectionTask.runThread(ConnectionTask.java:117) at com.caucho.network.listen.ConnectionTask.run(ConnectionTask.java:93) at com.caucho.network.listen.SocketLinkThreadLauncher.handleTasks(SocketLinkThreadLauncher.java:169) at com.caucho.network.listen.TcpSocketAcceptThread.run(TcpSocketAcceptThread.java:61) at com.caucho.env.thread2.ResinThread2.runTasks(ResinThread2.java:173) at com.caucho.env.thread2.ResinThread2.run(ResinThread2.java:118)